International Journal of Advanced Research in Multidisciplinary Sciences eISSN 2581-8996

Effect of salinity stress on seedling growth of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Dr. Seema Anand — 2026-01-31

Salinity reduces urad bean (Vigna mungo) radicle and root elongation, delays and inhibits hypocotyl elongation and mobilization of reserves from the cotyledons to the embryo axis. Fresh and dry masses and water content of the embryo axes were reduced. Under salinity, a net leakage of K to the media increased with time and increasing NaCl concentrations. Sugars present in the cotyledons of seeds were of primary importance for growth of the embryo axis up to 18 h after sowing whereas breakdown of starch by amylase contributed later, the contribution being delayed and reduced with increasing NaCl concentration. Even when amylase activity in the cotyledons was progressively reduced with increasing NaCl concentration, the increasing contents of soluble sugars in the cotyledons indicated that sugars were not limiting for mung bean seedling growth under salinity. Salinity stress is a major environmental factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. This research aims to investigate the effects of salinity stress on the germination of urad bean (Vigna mungo) seeds and explore potential mitigation strategies to enhance germination rates under saline conditions. The objective of our research was to study the effect of salinity stress on urad beans (Vigna mungo) germination by observing the result of increasing salt concentrations on the germination of mung bean seeds. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the effect of salinity stress on the germination of urad bean (Vigna mungo) seeds. This study focuses on evaluating key germination parameters, including germination percentage, germination rate, and mean germination time, under varying levels of salt concentration.

Keywords: Salinity, seedlings, germination, salt concentration.

Gender Discrimination in the poetry of kamala Das

Dr. Sapana Pandey — 2026-01-31

India, the country of ‘flora and fauna’ has visualized dazzling dawn for itself through the progress of female universe. The problem of gender discrimination still prevails in all spheres of life. Though Indian Constitution has granted equality to women in principle but in reality majority of Indian women are facing the problem of inequality and discrimination. Indo-Anglian female literary figures raised a voice against such injustice. Kamala Das is one of the modernized writers to assert feminity. She brought forth a new feminine consciousness and quackened their intellectual and creative capabilities. She has subverted patriarchal stereotypes by externalizing her inner most self.

Keywords: discrimination, feminity, patriarchal, stereotypes etc.

Women Empowerment and Digital Learning

Dr. Geeta Devi — 2026-01-31

It is a powerful tool to promote women’s empowerment by making education accessible, flexible and scalable. Advances in technology now mean women, even in the underserved and rural areas, can pick up new skills, increase economic opportunities, and conquer limiting societal barriers that prevent their personal and professional growth. Even today, women are hindered by the digital divide, socio-cultural norms, economic challenges, and safety concerns from having complete participation in digital education. Digital learning is investigated as an interface at the intersection of women’s empowerment and digital learning, studying the barriers to women’s adoption of it including technological access disparities due to gender, cultural perceptions of the disabled, and lack of family and institutional support. Here, it also draws attention to successful digital literacy programs as well as platforms in response to these challenges and empowering women. Inclusive digital learning initiatives can positively advance women’s potential to actively participate in societal, economic and socio-political change promoting a culture of gender equality in the digital world.

Keywords: Digital Learning, Women Empowerment, Gender Equality, Inclusive Education, e Learning, m Learning, MOOCs, Global Statics, Digital Space, Digital Technology

The Evolving Trajectory of India’s Climate Diplomacy: From Reaction to Positive Leadership

Dr. Sonam Chaudhari — 2026-01-31

One of the most pressing challenges of the 21^st century is to address the negative consequences of climate change. The severity of the problem has given rise to a coordinated global response and as such, has expanded the domain of diplomacy to address climate related concerns. India has always been the voice of the developing world in climate negotiations. This paper examines the evolution and shifts in India’s climate diplomacy. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section established a conceptual framework for the term climate diplomacy. The next section examines the salient features of India’s climate diplomacy since its inception in the second half of the 20^th century. The final section posits that, since 2014, India has transitioned from being a reactive participant to an active norm creator in global climate governance. It therefore examines the major climate-related initiatives undertaken under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, highlighting India’s strategic repositioning as an initiator of climate change related actions

Key Words: Climate Change, Climate Diplomacy, LiFe, Indian Solar Alliance, UNFCCC.

लैंगिक समानता एवं सशक्तिकरणः एक विश्लेषण

अंशु पांडेय, सुनैना — 2026-01-31

यह शोध पत्र लैंगिक समानता और महिला सशक्तिकरण की अवधारणा को समझाने का प्रयास करता है, जो वर्तमान समय में सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक विकास के मुख्य आधार हैं। लैंगिक समानता का उद्देश्य पुरुषों और महिलाओं को समान अवसर, अधिकार और गरिमा प्रदान करना है, ताकि वे समाज के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में समान रूप से भागीदारी कर सकें। महिला सशक्तिकरण केवल आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि इसमें निर्णय लेने की क्षमता, आत्म-सम्मान और सामाजिक न्याय की प्राप्ति भी शामिल है। भारत जैसे लोकतांत्रिक देश में संविधान ने अनुच्छेद 14, 15 और 16 के माध्यम से समानता का अधिकार सुनिश्चित किया है, जबकि पंचायती राज व्यवस्था में 33 प्रतिशत महिला आरक्षण ने स्थानीय शासन में महिलाओं की भागीदारी को बढ़ावा दिया है। इससे समाज में संरचनात्मक बदलाव की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम उठाया गया है। यह शोध पत्र लैंगिक समानता और महिला सशक्तिकरण के ऐतिहासिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक और विधिक पहलुओं का गहराई से विश्लेषण करता है। इसके साथ ही यह भी दर्शाता है कि कैसे शिक्षा, जागरूकता और नीति निर्माण के माध्यम से एक न्यायपूर्ण और समानतामूलक समाज की स्थापना की जा सकती है। इस प्रक्रिया से महिलाओं को सशक्त बनाने के साथ-साथ पूरे समाज में समानता का संवर्धन हो सकता है, जो समग्र सामाजिक और आर्थिक विकास की दिशा में सहायक सिद्ध होगा।
मुख्य शब्द:लैंगिक समानता, महिला सशक्तिकरण,सामाजिक न्याय, समान अवसर, शिक्षा

Education Reforms under NEP 2020: Emergence of MERUs in Accordance with NEP Philosophy

Dr. Trishna — 2026-01-31

Administering knowledge today requires a shift from imparting theoretical education to more skill based, applied knowledge and outcome-based learning. The teaching methodology needs to be more learners centric that fosters global competency given the changing education landscape. The true essence of education lies in the pursuit of knowledge, wisdom and truth as emphasized in our ancient knowledge system. The New Education Policy 2020 is a visionary policy of the Government of India that aims to align the education system of India with the shifting paradigms in technology and the global needs of our country. The NEP also forms part of the Governments’ vision to make India a self-reliant and prosperous economy by 2047. Multidisciplinary education hence, will equip them to engage meaningfully with global challenges and help them contribute towards innovative solutions. Towards a more holistic and multidisciplinary education as mentioned in the NEP 2020 aims to develop all capacities of human beings be it aesthetics, intellectual, social, emotional and physical in an integrated manner. The NEP 2020 seeks to establish an advanced model of Multi University called the MERU that will result in creation of new pace setting institutions in the liberal arts and multidisciplinary education and research. The current study focuses on the varied aspects of Multidisciplinary education as emphasized in the NEP 2020 and an attempt has been made to list down the roadblocks that may be faced in the implementation of the policy.

Keywords: Multidisciplinary Education, MERUs, Multi University

Muzaffarpur’s Development Crossroads: Unpacking the Hurdles to a Sustainable Future

Subhash Kumar & Dr. Alok Pratap Singh — 2026-01-31

Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) has emerged as a central policy objective for India’s rapidly growing Tier-II cities. Muzaffarpur, an important economic and administrative center in Bihar, reflects both the promise and the strain of this transition. While economic activity and population growth signal opportunity, residents’ lived experiences suggest that sustainability outcomes remain limited.

This research article analyzes primary survey data collected from 339 residents of Muzaffarpur to examine the city’s position at a critical development crossroads and to assess public perceptions of its sustainable urban development efforts. Using a five-point Likert scale, the study finds an overall mean perception score of 2.88 (Neutral = 3.0), indicating mild dissatisfaction and growing disillusionment. Three interconnected hurdles emerge prominently: (1) a critical deficit in basic infrastructure and environmental services, particularly waste management and green space equity; (2) weak implementation of sustainability policies leading to erosion of public trust; and (3) a socio-economic paradox where economic and population growth are intensifying pressure on already fragile urban systems. The findings underline the need for a shift from policy formulation toward equitable, transparent, and outcome-oriented execution of core municipal services.

Keywords: Sustainable Urban Development; Tier-II Cities; Urban Infrastructure; Public Perception; Environmental Equity; Muzaffarpur; Urban Governance

Measuring the Impact of Tourism Experience on Future Visit Intentions in Algeria: A Paired Analysis Using the McNemar Test

Dr. Chems Eddine BOUKHEDIMI — 2026-01-31

Tourism is critical to Algeria's economic diversification and long-term growth strategies. Despite the country's abundant cultural and natural resources, domestic tourism is underutilized. This study investigates the link between individuals' previous tourist experiences and their intention to travel in the future. The McNemar test was used on a sample of 168 respondents to see whether prior tourism participation has a significant effect on future tourist intention. The results show no statistically significant difference (p = 0.143), indicating that earlier experience has little influence on future willingness to travel. However, overall enthusiasm for domestic tourism remains strong. The study adds to our understanding of behavioural dynamics in Algerian tourism and makes relevant policy recommendations. The limitations and perspectives for future study are also explored.

Keywords: Algeria, domestic tourism, behavioural intention, tourism experience, McNemar test, sustainability.

Special Effects Of Yoga And Its Ability To Increase Quality Of Life

Dr. Manoj Kumar — 2026-01-31

The objective of this study is to assess the findings of selected regarding the therapeutic effects of yoga and to provide a comprehensive review of the benefits of regular yoga practice. As participation rates in mind-body fitness programs such as yoga continue to increase, it is important for health care professionals to be informed about the nature of yoga and the evidence of its many therapeutic effects. Thus, this manuscript provides information regarding the therapeutic effects of yoga as it has been studied in various populations concerning a multitude of different ailments and conditions. Therapeutic yoga is defined as the application of yoga postures and practice to the treatment of health conditions and involves instruction in yogic practices and teachings to prevent reduce or alleviate structural, physiological, emotional and spiritual pain, suffering or limitations. Results from this study show that yogic practices enhance muscular strength and body flexibility, promote and improve respiratory and cardiovascular function, promote recovery from and treatment of addiction, reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, improve sleep patterns, and enhance overall well-being and quality of life.

Keywords: Yoga intervention, Quality of life (QoL), Mind–body wellness, Stress reduction, Mental health enhancement, Physical flexibility and strength, Emotional well-being, Holistic health improvement

KARMA YOGA AND KARMA SANYᾹSA (The Bhagavat Gita Perspective)

Ankita Podder — 2026-01-31

Our practical life is a life of action. Actions are performed in accordance with contextual reality. The context is the real situation we ever confront with while doing any action. One act must. But how to act is a question of skill or art of performing our assigned action. This is called in the Bhagavat Gitā as “Yoga Karmesu Kousalam”. The skill of performing an action is Karma yoga. The skill is doing an action in the sense of duty and without the sense of agency, doing an action with a sense of surrender before the divinity and without the sense of ego. Attachment to karma leads to bondage. Attachment to the results of karma leads to greater bondage. Hence one should be free from both the attachment of karma and the consequences thereof. This is known as “Renunciation in action."

Keywords - Renunciation of action, Renunciation in action, Karma yoga, Bhagavat Gitā, Karma Sanyasā.

आर्टीफिशियल इन्टेलीजेन्स (ए0आई0), रोबोटिक्स और भविष्य की रोजगार संभावनाएं

डॉ0 अशोक कुमार — 2026-01-31

यह शोध-पत्र ए0आई0 और रोबोटिक्स के तेजी से बदलते हुए परिदृष्य पर केन्द्रित है तथा विश्लेषण करता है कि ये तकनीकें भविष्य के कार्यक्षेत्र, उद्योगों एवं मानव श्रम पर किस प्रकार प्रभाव डाल रही हैं। ए0आई0 मानव की सोचने, सीखने और निर्णय लेने की क्षमता की नकल करने वाली तकनीकि है जबकि रोबोटिक्स भौतिक मशीनों और स्वचालित प्रणालियों के निर्माण और संचालन से जुड़ा क्षेत्र है। पिछले एक दशक में इन दोनों क्षेत्रों में हुई प्रगति ने कार्यक्षेत्रों की प्रकृति, मानव श्रम के स्वरूप और उत्पादन प्रणालियों में मूलभूत बदलाव किए हैं। ए0आई0 आधारित एल्गोरिथ्म और रोबोटिक्स उद्योग, कृषि, स्वास्थ्य सेवा, शिक्षा और प्रशासन जैसे क्षेत्रों में दक्षता, सटीकता एवं उत्पादकता को बढ़ा रही हैं। साथ ही इन तकनीकों के विस्तार ने रोजगार संरचना में परिवर्तन, नैतिक दुविधाओं और सामाजिक असमानताओं की नयी चुनौतियां भी उत्पन्न की हैं। पूरी दुनिया में स्वचालन ;।नजवउंजपवदद्ध और डिजिटल क्रांति के फलस्वरूप पारंपरिक नौकरियां बदल रही हैं तथा नए कौशल व अवसर उत्पन्न हो रहे हैं। यह शोध पत्र इस तथ्य पर भी प्रकाश डालता है कि आने वाले वर्षों में मानव और मशीन के सहयोग से कार्य का स्वरूप किस प्रकार विकसित होगा।
मुख्य शब्द- आर्टीफिशियल इन्टेलीजेन्स, रोबोटिक्स, एल्गोरिथ्म, डिजिटल क्रांति, स्वचालन, उत्पादकता

Artificial Intelligence for Enhancing Digital Well-Being Among Indian Adolescents in a Rapidly Evolving Online Environment

Ms Pooja Banerjee & Dr Neeraj Kumar — 2026-01-31

The fast growth of online technologies has greatly transformed the social, educational, and leisure lives of the Indian adolescents. Although web-based platforms expand learning and interconnectedness, they have also led to a growing interest in the issues associated with overplaying and unhealthy online behaviour that may have negative impacts on the well-being of adolescents. The challenges need to be tackled so as to have a digitally responsible society that is in coherence with the vision of a developed nation by the year 2047 which India has. This paper suggests a human-centred, artificial intelligence-based model of the real-time identification of gaming addiction and harmful online behaviour amongst Indian teenagers. The framework is a combination of behavioural analytics and machine learning approaches to track the patterns of interaction and find an early signal of problematic digital engagement in an objective and non-invasive approach. The proposed approach will allow intervening in time and helping preventive measures instead of reactive actions since it will concentrate on real-time analysis. The results of the study imply the possibility of artificial intelligence as a supportive measure to be used by teachers, parents, and policymakers to foster healthier digital habits among teenagers. The research adds to the expanding body of investigations into digital well-being by introducing a framework of scalability and ethically responsible approach that considers a combination of technological innovation and social responsibility, which will contribute to the long-term objectives of a safe, inclusive, and development.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Adolescent Digital Well-Being; Gaming Addiction; Online Toxicity; Behavioural Analytics; Real-Time Monitoring; Indian Adolescents

उच्चतर माध्यमिक स्तर के राजकीय विद्यालयांे में अध्ययनरत् विद्यार्थियों की अध्ययन आदतों एवं समस्या समाधान योग्यता के मध्य अन्तर-सम्बन्धों का अध्ययन

गजेन्द्र सिंह राजपूत, प्रो0 शिवराज कुमार — 2026-01-31

प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में उच्चतर माध्यमिक स्तर पर राजकीय विद्यालयों में अध्ययनरत् विद्यार्थियों की अध्ययन आदतों एवं समस्या समाधान योग्यता के मध्य अन्तर-सम्बन्धों का अध्ययन किया गया। अध्ययन के लिए विद्यार्थियों का चयन जनपद फर्रूखाबाद के विकास-खण्ड बढ़पुर के अन्तर्गत संचालित तीन राजकीय विद्यालयों में अध्ययनरत् कुल 200 बालक एवं बालिकाओं का चयन किया गया है जिसमें 100 बालक एवं 100 बालिकायें हैं। आँकड़ों के संग्रह के लिए विवरणात्मक अनुसंधान की सर्वेक्षण विधि का उपयोग किया गया है। तथ्यों के संग्रह के लिए मानकीकृत उपकरणों को उपयोंग में लाया गया है। अध्ययन आदतों की योग्यता के लिए डॉ0 मुखोपाध्याय एवं डी0एन0 संसनवाल द्वारा निर्मित अध्ययन आदत योग्यता परीक्षण और समस्या योग्यता के लिए डॉ0 एल0एन0 दुबे द्वारा निर्मित समस्या समाधान योग्यता परीक्षण का प्रयोग किया गया है। तथ्यों के विश्लेषण के लिए समान्तर माध्य, मानक विचलन और टी0 परीक्षण का उपयोग किया गया है। अध्ययन से निष्कर्ष प्राप्त हुआ है कि बालकांे की अध्ययन आदतें अधिक योजनाबद्ध, क्रमबद्ध, नियमित और संतुलित है जबकि बालिकाओं की अध्ययन आदतों में अनियमित, अव्यवस्थित एवं असंतुलित है और बालिकाओं की अपेक्षा बालकों की समस्या समाधान योग्यता भी उच्च स्तर की हैं।
मुख्य शब्द-उच्चतर माध्यमिक स्तर, राजकीय विद्यालय, समस्या समाधान योग्यता, अध्ययन आदतें।

Advancing ICT Adoption in Developing Economies: Policy Barriers and Opportunity Frameworks

Ramya & Prof. Rani Tiwari — 2026-01-31

The endorsement of Technology and system of information has paved the way to the outstanding socio-economic development of the developing economies. This uplift, however, is driven by the adoption and practice of disruptive ICT technologies. The major reasons behind these limitations are the policy formulation and implementation, the socio-economic and geo-political infrastructural gaps, and levels of social digital-literacy in these economies. This research, thus, in is main area of interest of developing economies. It advocates ICT policy formulation in developing economies and it seeks to close the gaps of socio-political systems. The focus is on the issues like data regulatory policies lost in space, high personnel staff and costs to implement ICT systems and less organizational and weaker systems of the public sector. The paper draws on academic research, public and private sector policy papers, and public and private sector case study research to explore ICT policy formulation gaps and gives a close look at the opportunities. The study concludes that the problem lies in undeveloped infrastructure and digital illiteracy of public and private sectors. The study promotes advanced social digital literacy, strategic ICT adoption in social-political system and ICT policy reform so that advanced ICT is adopted smoothly in emerging economies.

Keywords: ICT adoption, emerging economies, infrastructure barriers, cyber literacy, mobile technology, IoT.

Active matter and active turbulence: a review of mass flow phenomena in biological and synthetic systems

Dr. Manju Bala — 2026-01-31

Active matter comprises a broad class of systems in which individual components continuously consume energy to generate movement and mechanical stress, resulting in complex emergent phenomena that are far from equilibrium This review focuses on the principles, mechanisms, and collective behaviour of active matter. Particular emphasis is placed on active turbulence in active nematic liquid crystals, Janus particles, and self-moving colloids Experimental observations are integrated with computational simulations and theoretical frameworks, including Toner dual theory, continuum hydrodynamics, active nematic models Comparative analysis of organic synthetic systems Highlighting similarities and differences between, and underlining the importance of defect-mediated dynamics, bonding effects, and energy injection mechanisms In the broader context of soft-material physics, materials science, and biophysics, this paper identifies key successes, unresolved questions, methodological challenges, and promising directions for future research

Keywords: Active matter, Active turbulence, Active nematic, Collective behaviour, soft matter physics

आश्रम व्यवस्थाः प्राचीन भारतीय सामाजिक अनुशासन और आधुनिक जीवन-शैली में उसकी प्रासंगिकता

डॉ श्वेता शर्मा — 2026-01-31

आश्रम-व्यवस्था प्राचीन भारतीय संस्कृति की एक महत्वपूर्ण और सुविचारित जीवन-पद्धति है, जिसमें मानव जीवन को चार क्रमिक चरणों, ब्रह्मचर्य, गृहस्थ, वानप्रस्थ और संन्यासकृमें विभाजित किया गया है। इसका मूल उद्देश्य जीवन को अनुशासित, संतुलित और उद्देश्यपूर्ण बनाना है, ताकि व्यक्ति भौतिक उन्नति के साथ-साथ नैतिक और आध्यात्मिक विकास भी कर सके। शास्त्रीय परंपरा में मानव जीवन को आदर्शतः शतायु मानते हुए प्रत्येक आश्रम के लिए लगभग पच्चीस वर्षों का काल निर्धारित किया गया, जिससे धर्म, अर्थ, काम और मोक्ष, इन चार पुरुषार्थों की क्रमिक एवं संतुलित पूर्ति संभव हो सके। आश्रम-व्यवस्था का मूल आधार धर्म की संदर्भगत अवधारणा है, जिसके अनुसार जीवन के प्रत्येक चरण में व्यक्ति के कर्तव्य उसकी अवस्था और परिस्थितियों के अनुरूप बदलते रहते हैं। आधुनिक संदर्भ में आश्रम-व्यवस्था की प्रासंगिकता और भी स्पष्ट हो जाती है। ब्रह्मचर्य आश्रम के सिद्धांत ज्ञानार्जन, आत्म-संयम और अनुशासन आज की शिक्षा प्रणाली में अत्यंत आवश्यक हैं, जहाँ सूचना-अधिक्य और तकनीकी विचलन के कारण एकाग्रता और नैतिक मूल्यों का ह्रास देखा जा रहा है। गृहस्थ आश्रम का आदर्श कार्य-जीवन संतुलन, पारिवारिक उत्तरदायित्व और सामाजिक सहभागिता के माध्यम से आधुनिक समाज में बढ़ते तनाव, बर्नआउट और पारिवारिक विघटन की समस्याओं का समाधान प्रस्तुत करता है। वानप्रस्थ आश्रम का महत्व आधुनिक जीवन में मध्यावस्था के आत्मचिंतन, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य और जीवन की गति में संतुलन स्थापित करने में निहित है। इसी प्रकार संन्यास आश्रम का आधुनिक अर्थ बाह्य त्याग नहीं, बल्कि आंतरिक वैराग्य, सेवा और आध्यात्मिक चेतना का विकास है, जिसे योग, ध्यान और सेवा-आधारित आंदोलनों में देखा जा सकता है। इस प्रकार आश्रम-व्यवस्था अपने मूल सिद्धांतों के साथ आज भी मानव जीवन को संतुलित, नैतिक और सार्थक बनाने की दिशा प्रदान करती है।
मुख्य शब्द- आश्रम व्यवस्था, प्राचीन भारतीय सामाजिक अनुशासन, ब्रह्मचर्य आश्रम, गृहस्थ आश्रम, वानप्रस्थ आश्रम, संन्यास आश्रम, नैतिक व आध्यात्मिक मूल्य, कर्तव्य, आत्मसंयम,ं सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व, आधुनिक जीवन-शैली, संतुलित जीवन-दृष्टि, भारतीय सांस्कृतिक परंपरा, समकालीन समाज में प्रासंगिकता

Definition And Scope Of Domestic Violence Under The 2005 Act

Shreyansh Tripathi — 2026-01-31

This paper critically examines the definition and scope of domestic violence under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA) and puts it in its context of the wider application of gender justice and constitutional safeguards. The comprehensive nature of violence as understood in the Act physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic abuse represents a paradigm shift in the wrongdoing/punitive approach to legal intervention to a rights-based approach. By considering some of the most important judicial statements like the case of (Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma), (V.D. Bhanot v. Savita Bhanot), and (Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Harsora). The paper, Kusum Harsora, explains why the judiciary has been applying the Act broadly to apply to live in relationships and to female respondents. The discourse also interacts with the constitutional provisions guaranteed in Articles 14, 15(3), and 21, with the Act in line with the fundamental human rights. Although it is a progressive structure, even with a progressive framework, it has continued to face a number of challenges in terms of implementation, awareness as well as institutional support that hinder its effectiveness to the extent that a thorough reform and gender-sensitive enforcement mechanisms are required.

Keywords- Domestic Violence, Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Gender Justice, Constitutional Rights, Human Dignity, Judicial Interpretation, Women Protection Laws, Live in Relationships

Capitalism, Desire, and Disillusionment in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist

Dr Isaac Ashish Kumar Ghosh — 2026-01-31

Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist uses the geopolitical aftermath of 9/11. It does not rehearse familiar themes of terror. It also avoids a simple focus on cultural clash. Instead, it launches a deeper, systemic critique. This critique is of neoliberal capitalism. This paper argues a specific point. The novel operates as a searing examination. It examines how global capitalism functions. It functions not just as an economy, but as a culture. This culture engineers human desire. It commodifies personal identity. It promises inclusion through a meritocratic ideal. This ideal ultimately demands total allegiance. It also demands historical amnesia. The analysis uses a close reading. It focuses on the protagonist Changez’s trajectory. His journey from assimilation into Wall Street’s elite to a disillusioned return to Pakistan. This demonstrates how Hamid exposes the American Dream. He reveals its conditional nature. The Reluctant Fundamentalist also demonstrates the psychic dislocation inherent in globalization. Central to this critique are two key elements. The first is the allegorical figure of Erica. She embodies a melancholic America. She is also an inaccessible America. The second is the pivotal “janissary” epiphany. This revelation shows finance as an instrument. It is an instrument of neo-colonial power. Ultimately, the novel diagnoses a central crisis. This is the crisis of the global subject. The conflict is between two opposing valuations. One is the price assigned by the market. The other is the value ascribed to history, culture, and conscience.

Keywords: Post-9/11 literature, American Dream, Capitalism, Neoliberalism, Disillusionment

Urban Ecotourism Circuit Development in NCR: Opportunities and Constraints

Vivek Pal and Dr. Sushant Das — 2026-01-31

Urban ecotourism is becoming an essential approach to reconcile swift urban expansion with the preservation of natural and cultural resources. The National Capital Region (NCR), one of India's rapidly expanding metropolitan agglomerations, encompasses a variety of ecological and heritage resources, including biodiversity parks, wetlands, riverine landscapes, historic gardens, and cultural monuments. This paper examines the prospects and limitations related to the development of an integrated urban ecotourism circuit in the National Capital Region. The study employs a synthesis of secondary data, geospatial mapping and analysis of diverse case studies across globe to underscore the region's capacity for sustainable tourism circuits that link established ecological hotspots, including Yamuna Biodiversity Park, Aravalli Biodiversity Park, Okhla and Sultanpur Bird Sanctuaries, as well as heritage sites such as Lodhi Gardens and Mehrauli Archaeological Park. The results indicate substantial prospects for augmenting green infrastructure, expanding accessibility via metro and road systems, and fostering community-oriented tourist activities. Nonetheless, factors such as environmental degradation, unrestrained urban growth, insufficient waste management, and a lack of public awareness provide obstacles to the advancement of ecotourism. The research advocates for a cohesive planning strategy that merges geospatial analysis, policy assistance, and stakeholder involvement to create feasible ecotourism routes that adhere to sustainability standards. Ultimately, the establishment of urban ecotourism circuits in NCR provides recreational and educational benefits while also enhancing ecological protection and urban resilience.

Keywords: Urban Ecotourism, Ecotourism Circuit Development, National Capital Region (NCR), Sustainable Tourism Planning, Green Infrastructure.

The Role of Skill Development for Employment and Opportunities in India

Dr. Shabeena Parveen — 2026-01-31

It is commonly anticipated that for the following few decades, the Indian economy would grow at consistently high rates, overtaking the US economy as the second biggest by 2050. These optimistic forecasts are mostly a result of the nation's demographic makeup. India is expected to have one of the youngest populations globally, with the majority of its citizens being of working age. With a low dependence ratio and an excess labour force, India has a significant competitive edge over most other large countries. However, India must provide its workers with the necessary and relevant skills if it is to properly utilize this demographic dividend. The paper emphasizes the environment that now exists in India for skill development and the part that skill development will play in providing job and entrepreneurial possibilities for the country's new generation in the future. The paper will discuss the schemes under skill development of India and the scope for employment.

Keywords– Employment, entrepreneurship, programmes, skill development.

Association of Stress and dietary habits with Socio-demographic Factors among young adults: a cross- sectional study Gurugram (Haryana)

Anjali, Dr. Suvidha — 2026-01-31

This cross-sectional research aimed to investigate the association of stress and dietary habits with socio-demographic factors among young adults aged 18 to 35 years residing in Gurugram, Haryana. A total of 500 participants were selected using a snowball sampling approach via an online Google Form questionnaire. Data on perceived stress were obtained using the standardized Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), while dietary habits and socio-demographic information collected through a structured self-administered questionnaire. Statistical methods, including t-tests and ANOVA, were utilized to assess mean differences. The findings demonstrated a significant relationship between perceived stress levels and certain socio-demographic factors, especially gender a highly significant difference was observed between male and female respondents in their mean stress scores (t = 8.75, p = 0.000). A significant difference was also observed in stress levels across age groups (F = 9.06, p = 0.00). Income level showed a significant effect on stress (F = 11.00, p = 0.00). Respondents in the highest income category (>₹10 lakh p.a.) reported the greatest stress mean (25.87 ± 7.81), followed by those in the ₹5–10 lakh (23.04 ± 7.59) and ₹1–5 lakh (22.00 ± 7.90) groups. A highly significant difference was observed in dietary habits between male and female respondents (t = -6.00, p = 0.000). The effect of age on dietary habits was statistically non-significant (F = 1.78, p = 0.150), income level was found to have a significant impact on dietary habits (F = 6.92, p = 0.001). The results emphasize the connection between stress and dietary habits with socio-demographic variables among young adults.

Keywords: Dietary habits, stress, young adults

भारत चीन सम्बन्धः समकालीन परिप्रेक्ष्य में

डॉ0 प्रियंका त्रिपाठी — 2026-01-31

भारत पहला ऐसा गैर समाजवादी देश था जिसने 01 अप्रैल, 1950 को चीन जनवादी गणराज्य के साथ राजनीतिक सम्बन्ध स्थापित किये, उस समय नेहरु जी प्रधानमंत्री थे और उन्होंने 1954 में चीन का दौरा किया। भारत ने हमेशा चीन पर भरोसा दिखाया पर चीन कभी भी उस विश्वास पर खरा नहीं उतरा, 1954 में नेहरु चीन की यात्रा करते हैं बदले में चाइना 1962 युद्ध जैसे संघर्ष की स्थिति पैदा कर भारत के विश्वास पर गहरा अघात करता है। इसके बाद भी भारत चाइना सहित अपने सभी पड़ोसी देशों के साथ एक विनम्र सम्बन्ध स्थापित करने का प्रयास करता है। चाइना के अघात को भूलते हुए 1988 में तत्कालीन प्रधानमंत्री श्री राजीव गांधी ने द्विपक्षीय सम्बन्धों में सुधार का प्रयास किया इसी तरह 1993 में प्रधानमंत्री श्री नरसिम्हा राव ने चीन की मात्रा कर वास्तविक नियंत्रण रेखा पर अमन चैन के लिए करार पर हस्ताक्षर किया यह और बात है कि आज तक वास्तविक नियंत्रण रेखा पर अमन चैन स्थिरता जैसा कुछ वास्तविक प्रतीक नहीं होता देखा जैसे तो दोनों के प्रमुखों ने एक दूसरे देशों की यात्रा करके यह जरूर प्रयास किया कि दोनों देशों से सम्बन्ध सुधरे पर वास्तविक दौर पर सम्बन्ध सुधार वैसे ही रहा जैसे 1954 में नेहरु जी ने चीन की यात्रा कि बदले ने चीन ने 1962 का युद्ध भारत को उपहार में दिया पर समय बदल चुका है भारत की स्थिति किसी भी पहलू पर कैसी है ये तो चाइना अच्छी तरह जानता है लेकिन उसके बाद भी चीन ऐतिहासिक गलतियों को दोहराता है, चाइना जहाँ अपनी ऐतिहासिक गलतियाँ बार-बार करता है भारत वही अपनी-अपनी अच्छाई की नीतियाँ उसके साथ बार-बार दोहराता है। यदि दोनों देशों के राष्ट्र प्रमुखों की यात्रा को ध्यान दिया जाऐ, तो प्रधानमंत्री के तौर पर वाजपेयी जी 2003 में चीन की यात्रा करते हैं, प्रधानमंत्री वे जियाबाओ 2005 और 2010 में भारत की यात्रा करते है, राष्ट्रपति हूू जिंताओं 2006 भारत की यात्रा की, प्रधानमंत्री मनमोहन सिंह 2008 और 2013 में चीन की यात्रा की, प्रधानमंत्री ली किक्यांग ने 2013 में भारत की यात्रा की, राष्ट्रपति शी जिनपिंग ने 2014 में भारत की यात्रा की अब यहाँ देखने वाली बात है कि केवल ये सभी यात्रायें चाइना की तरफ से औपचारिक हो रही क्योंकि कि चाइना की भूमिका नियंत्रण रेखा पर आज भी वैसे ही है जैसे 1962 में था। यह भारत की अपनी शान्ति प्रियता की नीति है कि वह किसी भी बड़े संघर्ष को अपने धैर्य के चलते नाकाम कर देता है। वरना नियंत्रण रेखा पर चाइना जैसी गतिविधि को अंजाम देता है अगर भारत अपनी धैर्यता का परिचय नहीं देता वो जरूर चाइना की नकारात्मक भूमिका सीमा पर किसी बड़े संघर्ष का रूप ले लेती है।
मुख्य शब्द: शान्ति प्रियता की नीति, औपचारिक वार्ता नियंत्रण रेखा पर संघर्ष की स्थिति, भारत का सहयोगात्मक रवैया।