Effects of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Organisms: A Review

Abstract

Aquatic ecosystems are a vital component of the biosphere and harbor immense biodiversity. Over the past century, pollution caused by heavy metals has increased significantly due to the expansion of industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities. This review article analyzes the impact of key heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, and arsenic on aquatic organisms. The primary objective of this study is to examine the sources of these metals, their distribution in water, processes of bioaccumulation and biomagnification, and their adverse physiological, biochemical, and cellular effects on aquatic life. Existing scientific studies indicate that heavy metal pollution not only affects individual organisms but also disrupts food webs, posing a serious threat to the stability and functioning of the entire aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, controlling pollution, implementing effective sewage treatment, conducting continuous environmental monitoring, and enforcing stringent regulations are essential for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords: Aquatic ecosystems, Biosphere, Biodiversity, Heavy Metal, Biochemical, Cellular