The original beginning of the Vaiśeṣika-sūtra

Abstract

This article explores the textual history, evolution, and structural integrity of the opening portion of the Vaiśeṣika-sūtra (VS). It specifically evaluates the prominent academic hypothesis that the text originally functioned as a pure nature philosophy before undergoing systematic modifications under later religious influences to incorporate an orthodox doctrine of liberation. By analysing and comparing the major modern scholarly perspectives of Erich Frauwallner, Barend Faddegon, Mahadev Rajaram Bodas, Anantalal Thakur, and Harsh Narain, the paper addresses ongoing doubts surrounding the authenticity of the initial sūtras—particularly the highly debated status of VS 1.1.4. Ultimately, the study highlights critical internal textual contradictions, insights from historical commentary traditions (such as Vyomavatī, Nyāyamañjarī, and Kiraṇāvalī), and the evolving role of Vedic authority to shed light on the original structural framework designed by Sage Kaṇāda.

Keywords- Vaiśeṣika-sūtra,  Kaṇāda Philosophy, Ancient Indian Philosophy, Vaiśeṣika School, Atomism, Metaphysics